The Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Adolescents - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1481 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Sleep Deprivation Essay Did you like this example? Does the amount of sleep adolescents get cause or contribute depression and/or anxiety? I became interested in the topic of sleep because I have not been getting enough of it myself and I wanted to know if it was affecting the way I think. I feel that knowing the contribution that sleep has on the brain development of adolescents would help me understand if my lack of sleep is contributing to my anxiety. In addition to that, studying sleeps effect on brain development might help the education system improve the way they teach children with the work they give them to do outside of class.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Adolescents" essay for you Create order Natural Sciences Allen, Nicholas B, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Adolescent Cognitive-Behavioral Sleep Interventions. Clinical Child Family Psychology Review, Vol. 20 Issue 3, September 2017, p227-249. 23p. Academic Search Complete, doi: 10.1007/s10567-017-0234-5 The article states that most youths get around 9 hours of sleep when unrestricted and less than 8 hours of sleep when restricted, typically on school nights. Adolescents are recommended to get 8 to 10 hours of sleep a night and the article proclaimed that approximately 30% of adolescents suffer from a sleep disorder being either insomnia or delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPS). The article also states that adolescents are susceptible to the same physiological, psychological, and environmental vulnerabilities that cause these disorders as adults as well as still developing responsibilities and social interests, still developing as human beings, and the amount of hormonal changes leading to a perfect storm of sleep imbalance. The article was last updated in September of 2017 and has not been revised. The article focuses on the effects of sleep on mental illnesses. The source used many statistics that younger students would not understand so the intended audience might be high school or college students. The authors of this article were researchers associated with the Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences a part of the University of Melbourne and Oregon Research Institute, several of which have written other credible articles. Since the article focused mostly on the results of their meta-analysis the results may vary from others who recreate it but not by enough to discredit this source and was peer reviewed to add credibility. This article exists to inform of the connection between sleep and some mental disorders. Boynton, Marcella H., Leslie A. Lytle, and Deshira D. Wallace. Multilevel analysis exploring the links between stress, depression, and sleep problems among two-year college students. Journal of American College Health. Vol. 65 Issue 3, April 2017, p187-196. 10p. Academic Search Complete, doi: 10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 This article covers the connections between depression and stress and sleep issues in college students. Through their study they deduced that in 2-4-year college students 30% of them reported being so depressed that it was difficult to function at some time in the past year (11). It also states that the causes for depression among young adults may be the result of poverty, stressful life events, maltreatment, and family dysfunction (187). With this information the researchers tested a group of 440 college students with 70% of the subjects reporting insufficient sleep. Through their study they found the depression does not affect the quantity of sleep, but it affected the quality. The article was last updated in April of 2017 and has not been revised. The article focuses on the effects of depression on sleep. The source used many statistics that younger students would not understand so the intended audience might be high school or college students. The authors of this article were researchers associated with the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, several of which have written other credible articles. Since the article focused mostly on the results of their two year study the results may vary from others who recreate it but not by enough to discredit this source and was peer reviewed to add credibility. This article exists to inform of the connection between depression and sleep quality. Carper, Matthew, Philip Kendall, and Jeremy Peterman. Anxiety Disorders and Comorbid Sleep Problems in School-Aged Youth: Review and Future Research Directions. Child Psychiatry Human Development. Vol. 46 Issue 3, June 2015, p376-392. 17p. Academic Search Complete, doi: 10.1007/s10578-014-0478-y The article begins by outlining general issues, such as sleep problems in youths without anxiety, sleep across a youths development, sleep measurement, and negative functional outcome related to sleep disturbances. Questioning into these topics will provide context to understand the current state of the anxiety and sleep literature, including methodological shortcomings and areas that need further investigation. Second, the article explores associations between anxiety and sleep among youth with anxiety disorders, with an emphasis on studies collective strengths and limitations. The article was last updated in June of 2015 and has not been revised. The article focuses on the effects of sleep on an adolescents development. The source used many statistics that younger students would not understand so the intended audience might be high school or college students. The authors of this article were researchers associated with Temple Universitys Child Psychiatry Human Development research program, several of which have written other credible articles. The article used their own research and multiple other articles to confirm their findings along with being peer reviewed. This article exists to inform of the connection between sleep and anxious tendencies in adolescents. Lehto, J. E., and L. Uusitalo?Malmivaara. Sleep-related factors: associations with poor attention and depressive symptoms. Child: Care, Health Development. Vol. 40 Issue 3, May 2014, p419-425. 7p. Academic Search Complete, doi: 10.1111/cch.12063 This article aims to add to the missing area of research of childrens sleep related problems and co-occurring emotional and behavioral disturbances. There is mounting evidence showing that children with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) have sleep problems. There is also evidence suggesting that the symptoms of ADHD are related to sleep factors in children with no diagnosis of true ADHD and this article intends to prove it. The article was last updated in May of 2014 and has not been revised. The article focuses on the effects of depression on sleep. The source used many statistics that younger students would not understand so the intended audience might be high school or college students. The authors of this article were researchers associated with the Special Education Section of the University of Helsinki, both of which have written other credible articles. The article is based off previous articles relating to the subject along with their own research that has been peer reviewed. This article exists to inform of the connection between sleep quantity and behavioral disturbances. Social Sciences Gayathri, R., and Abigail Nirandhi Ranasinghe. Awareness of effects of sleep deprivation among college students. Drug Invention Today. Vol. 10 Issue 9, September 2018, p1806-1809. 4p. Academic Search Complete This article explains the effects of sleep deprivation on college aged students. This article shows that sleep deprivation can be either chronic or acute which changes the effect it has. A chronic sleep-restricted state can cause fatigue, daytime sleepiness, clumsiness, and weight loss or weight gain. It adversely affects the brain and cognitive function. Sleep deprivation tends to cause slower brain waves in the frontal cortex, shortened attention span, higher anxiety, impaired memory, and a grouchy mood. The article was last updated in September of 2018 and has not been revised. The article focuses on the effects of sleep deprivation on the lives of college students. The source used many statistics that younger students would not understand so the intended audience might be high school or college students. The authors of this article were researchers associated with the Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, both of which have written other credible articles. The article references other articles relating to the subject and has been peer reviewed. This article exists to inform of the connection between sleep deprivation and the mental state of college students. Louca, Mia, and Michelle A. Short. Sleep deprivation leads to mood deficits in healthy adolescents. Sleep Medicine. Vol. 16 Issue 8, August 2015, p987-993. 7p. Academic Search Complete, doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.03.007 The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of thirty-six hours of sleep deprivation on the discrete mood states of anger, depression, anxiety, confusion, fatigue, and vigor in healthy adolescents. This study provides empirical support for the notion that sleep loss can causally affect mood states in healthy adolescents, with females having heightened vulnerability. The article was last updated in August of 2015 and has not been revised. The article focuses on the effects of sleep on adolescents moods. The source used many statistics that younger students would not understand so the intended audience might be high school or college students. The authors of this article were researchers associated with the Centre for Sleep Research at the University of South Australia, both of which have written other credible articles. The article was mostly their own lab work that was peer reviewed with the help of previous articles on similar subject matter. This article exists to inform of the connection between depression and sleep quality.

Essay about Huxleys Message in Brave New World - 971 Words

Huxleys Hidden Message Aldous Huxley has a humanistic, deep and enlightened view of how society should be, and of what constitutes true happiness. In his novel, Brave New World, he shows his ideas in a very obscure manner. Huxley presents his ideas in a satirical fashion. This sarcastic style of writing helped Huxley show his views in a very captivating and insightful manner. The entire novel describes a dystopia in which intimate relationships, the ability to choose ones destiny, and the importance of family are strictly opposed. In Huxleys mind, however, these three principles are highly regarded as necessary for a meaningful and fulfilling existence. Intimacy and Relationships are a major theme in Brave New World. In the New†¦show more content†¦Even prior to birth, they are genetically and physically conditioned to a certain degree, depending on their predestined caste and occupation. Once born, they are conditioned, by caste, to each bear identical morals using a technique called hypnopaedia, or sleep-teaching. These morals are indoctrinated into their brains, and follow them throughout their entire lives. The peoples existence is now secured, as there is little the individual can do to change anything about his or her life. Even a persons emotions have been decided for them, primarily through the use of the quick fix happy drug, Soma. Happiness, however shallow it may be, prevails over any other emotion. And that, the Director explains sententiously, that is the secret of happiness and virtue-liking what youve got to do. All conditioning aims at that: making people like their inescapable social destiny (Huxley 16). On ly the individuals whose conditioning has been flawed, such as Bernard for example, have the ability to see beyond the workings of society and question their lives and surroundings. John the savage also notices the defects in the New World Society. Defying the moral values of the New World Society, John wishes for godÂ…poetryÂ…dangerÂ…freedomÂ…goodnessÂ…sin (Huxley 237). Although these individuals may not always be happy, Huxley uses them to represent a more humanistic and benevolent type of existence, which isShow MoreRelatedBrave New World - Huxleys Message1253 Words   |  6 PagesA protagonist is described as the prominent character in a novel or text. In Aldous Huxley’s â€Å"Brave New World†, John the Savage is the central protagonist opposed to Bernard Marx or Helmholtz Watson because he symbolizes cultural difference amongst the World State and the Savage Reservation. Although Bernard and Helmholtz demonstrate differences that would not be accep ted in the civilized society, they are only seen as leading characters. Huxley uses John’s character to point out the short comingsRead MoreBrave New World Idiocracy Analysis849 Words   |  4 Pageswhen comparing Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World to Mike Judge’s Idiocracy. Both manifest a problem of their society through the use of satire. Satire is a method of ridiculing a problem to people to prompt them to protest for change. Although Brave New World’s universe is a polar opposite of Idiocracy and their satirical plots effectively evoke denunciation of problems, Idiocracy more persuasively expresses their overarching satirical message. Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World is conveying the problemRead MoreBrave New World By Aldous Huxley968 Words   |  4 PagesAldous Huxley’s utopia in Brave New World foreshadowed and illuminated the complications within modern day society. Upon its release, the narrative became widely banned all over the United States due to the unorthodox thoughts and actions of multiple characters in it. Early readers, as well as modern day audiences, feared and rejected the ideals that Huxley incorporated into his perfect society; however, our society today is heading towards the dark paths the older generations desired to avoid. Read MoreThe Poignant Prophet By Aldous Huxley1680 Words   |  7 Pagesmajority of Huxley’s popular works contain a few themes that are consistent throughout his writings. Among them, Utopian society, mysticism, and modern change in society are the most popular subjects discussed by critics. Huxley’s most popular novel Brave New World is the c enter of many of these debates; his other works reflect his philosophy by different methods. Utopian society is best represented in Huxley’s works by the novels Brave New World and Island. The first work, Brave New World, was writtenRead MoreBrave New World Discussion Questions1321 Words   |  6 PagesBrave New World Discussion Questions Question 1: Each novel immerses us, instantly, into a world that simultaneously is foreign and familiar. Establish the characteristics of the society that the author creates and analyze the intricacies (complexities) of the society being presented. In what ways is it like and unlike our own society? In Aldous Huxley’s science fiction novel Brave New World, a distinct society is illustrated. The author depicts a civilization that is specifically based on severalRead MoreThe Social and Political Attitudes of Brave New World1373 Words   |  6 Pagesspeech, or happiness in general? In the novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, there are many different attitudes portrayed with the purpose to make the reader think of the possible changes in our society and how they could affect its people. Brave New World is an unsettling, loveless and even sinister place. This is because Huxley endows his ideal society with features calculated to alienate his audience. Typically, reading Brave New World elicits the very same disturbing feelings in theRead MoreBrave New World by Aldous Huxley1093 Words   |  4 Pages Numerous connections can be drawn between the film production The Truman Show by Peter Weir and Aldous Huxley’s novel Brave New World. In each media, the society depicted seemed outwardly perfect, and the citizens were content. The individuals remained content through complete government control. With every society’s strength is a weakness, interestingly enough, the Achilles’ heel of both perfect societies is totalitarianism and social conditioning. The fact of the matter is that not everyone willRead More We Are Living in a Corporate Dystopia Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagesto the Brave New World. Ignoring this threat and treating it as either non-existent or only minimally significant is tantamount to inviting Huxleys dystopian vision into our own world. In so doing, we set ourselves up for a decidedly dark tomorrow.    To the uninitiated, the society of Huxleys Brave New World at first seems to be only pure science fiction with no visible ties to reality. After all, we have no government-controlled genetic engineering of human beings in our world. We doRead MoreBrave New World Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesA smart, scholarly and skillful author named Aldous Huxley once said â€Å"Technological progress has merely provided us with more efficient means for going backwards†. The advancement, improvement and the wrong use of technology has affected the world in a really negative way. When technology first started to improve and become more advanced was during the WW1 and WW2, which caused the most destructive wars in human history. For example the wrong use of technology led the Americans to produce one ofRead MoreEssay on Brave New World: A Society of False Happiness1663 Words   |  7 Pagespossibility for the reader to grasp inner desires and decide what is truly important in life. Litera ture allows readers to dive into a different world where happiness and fulfillment is plentiful and eternal, also described as a utopia, while other pieces of literature direct the reader into a world of dissatisfaction which is a dystopia. Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World is in 26th century England. With the help of advanced technology and drugs, happiness fills the lives of the people living at that time period

Ethics in Science Free Essays

Should scientist have a common ethics code like the oath of Hippocrates for the doctors, or similar to the oath the lawyers give towards society? In order to answer this question it is necessary to examine the meaning of the words Science and Ethics, first independently and then in the context of society. The first step in this process is to define each word. According to Wikipedia â€Å"†¦science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge humans have gained by such research†[1]. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics in Science or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ethics on the other hand â€Å"†¦ is the attempt to arrive at general moral standards that tell us [people] how to judge right from wrong, or good from bad, and how to live moral lives†[2]. The above interpretations are, at first glance, not connected to each other. Science is a process, a system, a way to acquire knowledge about the physical world around us. Science, in its pure form, does not have sides, good or bad, positive or negative. Science, one could propose, is the force of understanding. Ethics on the other hand, is a set of criteria, created by man, to define a guideline to his existence. A guideline between what should and what should not occur. Hence the question must be transformed into â€Å"Should scientists be moral? Do scientists need ethical guidelines, as part of a society, in order to function? † A step further could be â€Å"Under which conditions would a scientific morality be objective? † There have been many proposals for the creation of a universal code of ethics for scientists. Sir Arnold Wolfendale[3] proposed â€Å"I will not, knowingly, carry out research which is to the detriment of humanity. If, in the event, research to which I have contributed is used, in my view, to the detriment of the human race then I shall work actively to combat its development†. In his statement Sir Wolfendale remains moral to his ethics code by proposing to combat any ill applications of his discoveries. But if we put the above statement in the context of war, society could argue that it would not be ethically ill to apply science against an evil enemy for maters of survival[4], thus Sir Wolfendale’s denial would be unethical towards society. Which ethical values are paramount? The individual’s or society’s? In modern days there has been a great deal of ambiguity on a number of scientific fields. The advances of science in genetics and molecular biology have created stress between scientists and society. Cloning is one example. A scientist could argue that by pursuing the creation of a living creature through cloning, a major advancement in our understanding of the mechanics behind living organisms could be gained. On the other hand, a large portion of society is against such attempts, often labelling them immoral and unethical. Again the dilemma, who’s ethics is paramount? The interaction between Ethics and Science can also be examined in another context. In the last years, many scientist have expressed concern about unethical behaviour within the scientific society. Many notable individuals have pointed out that scientists should be more truthful and honest about their findings. That they should be inclined to share their discoveries with the rest of the community, keeping as the paramount goal, the advancement of this community in general. The reasons for these ethical missteps vary. In most cases the denominator of the problem is the commercialisation of science and the financial battles that lurk in the background. A final point of view that should be considered is the human nature. Humans, over the centuries, have always exhibited several qualities that orbit around the concept of self-interest. Although people would spend huge periods of time philosophising in the virtues of morality every day life teaches different lessons. People tend to be self-centred, prideful, self-important and indifferent towards the next person. Sir Isaac Newton is one of the most famous scientists and visionaries of the last three hundred years. Nevertheless, he was notorious for his somewhat eccentric behaviour towards other scientists. A preliminary conclusion would have to address the conditions under which an ethical code should be implemented. Science, in comparison with ethics, is a global concept. The scientific community is in essence a global society. Ethics is not! Ethics depends on the principals and ideas of the society it resides. A vivid example could be derived when one examines the sociological beliefs during the â€Å"upper hide† in South Africa. In that society what was write and what was wrong could be differently defined in comparison with London, England. An ethical scientific code would not similar in both countries. Another point which needs to be taken under consideration would be that the ethical code should be self-aware of the conditions under which it’s being created. An all open scientific society with no boundaries and freedom of exchange of information might be highly noble but would be out of synchronicity with modern reality. This would probably lead to its dismissal. The scientist â€Å"lawgiver† must be aware of what is and what is not plausible. If one would suggest that science should detach itself from the market mechanism due to the negative influence, one would find himself outcast. So what is the perfect recipe? What should be included and what should not? Is an ethics code necessary? If history can teach us something, it is that people throughout the centuries needed guidance in one form or the other. An ethics scientific code is definitely a positive step. But the code has to take into account a’ lot. The core of the code should be science. The code will address the practitioners of science and their actions but should not damage science in the process. Morality is a social issue. Any code is powerless if the society in which it resides does not support and endorse moral values. To summarise an ethics science code is desirable in the context of an active moral society. How to cite Ethics in Science, Essay examples Ethics In Science Free Essays Ethics is the difference between what is morally right and wrong. A scientist has to know the ethical consequences of their work. The scientist Is responsible. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics In Science or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many consequences Like the harm and amount of risk and benefit in science. There are also ethical procedures Involved In science. These procedures Include promoting alms of research and knowledge. These procedures help ensure accountability. The big difference Is that ethics and laws are not the same. Laws are established rules while ethics is the morals of a culture. Ethics is important because it makes sure that cooperation and joint endeavors run smoothly. One example of ethics in science is stem cell research. Stem Cell Research is when undeveloped cells are molded from adult cells, embryonic cells, and cord cells to finally be created as other cells. Stem Cell research is used as a treatment for such problems as heart disease, diabetes leukemia, and etc. One pro is that adult stem cells are a renewable source of replacement cells and tissues. Researching and using these stem cells may lead to progress and future discoveries in the future. That is the good part, but there are also some cons. These cons mostly got to do with embryonic stem cells. Some stem ells are taken from embryonic stem cells. The problem Is that scientists find extraction more Important than the misery of destroying a human being. Clients such as Dry. Xavier Lopez said â€Å"This Is the future of medicine, and I want to be a part of it. † Now, Stem Cells hold great potential in helping many human diseases and conditions. Stem cells are able to reproduce without causing damage. These are the ethics of stem cell research. Stem Cells overall can both save and destroy people. In the article, â€Å"Scientists Fabricate Rudimentary Human Livers† by Gina Kola speaks about scientists who have created a human liver from stem cells. This is good because it is a monumental achievement in science. This human liver is an example that stem cells can help us live for a long time. This was done by transferring liver buds into mice. Liver buds were put on the brain and the abdomen. The liver buds functioned Like human livers. Dry. Kenneth Caret states that â€Å"They were letting nature do Its thing rather than trying to conceive of what the right signals might be. This Is an ethical example because It shows that there are some major signs that stem cells are evolving. The creation of this liver is able to replenish organs. This is good because it shows that this liver is able to function. Dry. Take mentions that they can try to take it to the clinic and treat it on people whose liver have stopped working. This is a benefit because people will be able to get s ome part of their body back. â€Å"This is a major breakthrough of monumental significance† said Dry. Hilled Tibias. In the article, â€Å"Stem Cell Treatments Overtake Science† by Laura Bell talks about how Stem Cells are taking over the medical and scientific world. Maggie Allies, a victim of emphysema found out that adult stem cells were promoted as a cure for everything. † Doctors at the Regenerative Medicine Institute are hoping to take 130 million stem cells and transfer them to her lungs. These stem cells are helping her because the actual doctors could not. Stem Cells have risen because customers Like Maggie are hoping for a â€Å"personal miracle. † Stem Cells are flourishing In TIJuana. This is a big benefit because are about 20 clinics giving adult stem cell therapy to on it. He follows up with it by saying â€Å"It was eye-opening† and â€Å"This is the future of medicine, and I want to be a part of it. † This is good because Dry. Lopez is being ireful and has good intentions. He follows his ideas up by saying that Mexico lacks the government that the USA has. These clinical trials of stem cells are within the accepted structure of the Tijuana government. This is good the government in Tijuana is watching over these trials. Dry. Lopez finally says that â€Å"I’m very proud of what we are doing. † Japanese researchers have created a human liver from human stem cells. Gina Kola covers this story in her article, â€Å"Scientists Fabricate Rudimentary Human Livers. † To create a human liver from stem cells can always cause pros and cons in the scientific field. The cons for creating this human liver are that it’s more of an early fetal version. This is bad because it cannot develop into a full human liver. Sadly, the liver cells did not take up space in the body. It did not develop any blood supplies or systems. This is bad because it can damage a person’s body. Anyways, other researchers tried recreating this human liver. These other livers would eventually die and would not function. If this liver fails, many things start to happen such as the abdominal area becomes filled with fluid. Eventually, a disease will begin. This is the negative of the human liver cell. This is why it will never be treated on humans. Another bad thing is that this human liver in a three- dimensional structure. Thus, it will never be put into the human body. The article also mentions that Dry. Caret has said, â€Å"We don’t know if the cells will grow out of control or will poop out. † These researchers such as Dry. Tibias hopes they soon succeed. â€Å"It really has the potential to undermine the legitimacy of the whole world†, says Dry. Hashes Eased of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. Dry. Eased is right because there a lot of controversial ideas surrounding the SE of stem cells. One problem at the Regenerative Medicine Institute is that stem cells cannot regenerate no matter where they are placed. These safety precautions still remain unanswered. This is seriously bad because the patient would not be able to get that kind of service again for too much money. This is also an economical problem because it costs a lot of money to work on these patients. Scientists now fear the consequences of their work because of the growing number of clinics. This brings up the idea that there is responsibility, risk, and benefit involved in having ethics in science. In the article, a pathologist is mentioned to had illegally processed and shipped stem cells without permission from the F. D. A. This is a major problem because without these cells being checked these lives are in danger. Dry. Sedan follows his idea up by saying that patients don’t know the difference between science and conning. This is bad because people can be cheated by researchers and they will be affected. Dry. Lopez, the founder of the institute says that he works with the Mexican authorities to follow the uniform standards. In the end, Stem Cells can find a way to destroy us. There are many consequences like the harm and amount of risk and benefit in science. This is shown in both articles. These stories show that scientists are trying to help the world, but not intentionally destroying it. Stem Cells hold great potential in saving human lives. This is the ethics of stem cell research. The human liver is a great achievement in the field of science, but it cannot function. People can recreate these discoveries. Stem Cells are helping people unlike the they are changing the world. Stem Cells might not be fix some things, but soon it will and will be amazing. This is the good and bad of ethics in stem cells. How to cite Ethics In Science, Papers

Drugs And Crime (3258 words) Essay Example For Students

Drugs And Crime (3258 words) Essay Drugs And CrimeDrugs, Crime and ProhibitionDo drugs really cause crime, or is it our governments way of controlling the communities? Many people blame drugs for every problem in our society, but is it the true evil in our society? No one person can answer that question. There are only opinions and supposed theories on this issue. We have been taught over the years that drugs were bad and that they only affected the poor and less fortunate, and turned them into crazy criminals, but this isn’t true to any extent. The laws controlling and prohibiting drugs are the true culprit. Would our crime levels decline if drugs were legalized to some extent, or would we just increase the destruction of our country? Over the past fifty years, prohibition has been proven to actually increase crime and drug use instead of its intended purpose, which was to extinguish the use of illicit drugs in the United States. We constantly here of prison over crowding, and why is that? Most of our prisons are filled with drug offenders, ranging from use to distribution of supposed illicit drugs. What is our country coming to? The purpose of this research paper is to view the advantages and disadvantages of the legalization of illicit drugs in the United States. I will examine each side of this major problem plaguing our fine country from past to present. People wake everyday to their normal and monotonous life without even thinking about what they are doing. They do not realize that they have been conditioned by the government and its laws to obey and follow the supposed norm of society. What is the norms of society, and who set the guidelines for them? No one can explain how these norms came about, they only know that they must follow them, or they could get in trouble with the law. We are going into the twenty first century, and we still follow laws that were passed hundreds of years ago. Why is this? We are a highly advanced country, but we spend time, lives and money on abiding by laws that were around before the automobile was even invented. I will begin with the history of our drug control policies, which have failed miserably, and examine the drug-crime connection. Policy HistoryDrugs have been in this country since the beginning of time in some shape or form, which was used for personal and medicinal use. Usage of marijuana h as been reported to date back to the founding of Jamestown (1). George Washington himself cultivated and used to relieve the pain of an aching tooth. Opium was accessible to anyone who wanted to purchase it, as Tylenol is today. People were able to obtain these drugs at any pharmacy or grocery store that stocked them. It was socially acceptable to use and sell drugs, but the addictive properties were not known at this time in history. In the beginning of the twentieth century, the Progressive movement wanted some form of drug regulation (1). There were a few factors that affected the change in public opinion. First, the US acquired the Philippine Islands, which gave the US a legal supply of opium to supply addicts. Second, was the concern over the affects that drugs had on people. Journalist at that time, who were highly influenced by the government, published many fictional articles about crazy drug addicts, who raped and killed because of their drug use. Third, drugs were associat ed with blacks and Chinese immigrants, and this caused panic through the white communities( 1 ). In the early 1900’s, President Roosevelt appointed three men, Rev. Charles Brent, an Episcopal bishop, Dr. Hamilton Wright, and Charles Tenney, a China missionary, to represent America at The Hague International Opium Convention of 1912. At this conference, the modern movement for abolitioning narcotics trafficking was began with the US involvement in the Philippines (2). Although there was regulations abroad, there was no legislation protecting the United States. In 1913, New York Representative Francis Harrison introduced two bills into Congress. One was to prohibit use and importation of opium, and the other was to regulate the manufacturing of smoking opium within the US. It was recognized as a revenue bill, but was not intended to produce revenue. A few months after the bills were introduced, President Wilson signed the bills, which took affect March 1, 1914. Under the Harris on Act, the maximum sentence that could be imposed was a five year prison term or a $2,000.00 fine or both. The average term was one-and-a-half years, which was considered too low by many. The Harrison Act did not prohibit the use of narcotics, but rather regulated the distribution of them. Any one connected to the manufacture or distribution of narcotics had to be licensed and pay a graduated occupational tax. Doctors were no longer allowed to supply addicts with drugs. This began a controversy over the question, were drugs an addiction or a crime, and should an addict be treated as a sick person or an addict (2)? Eventually, the Harrison Act caused more drug use than it prevented. A committee was formed to investigate this problem, which found that illicit use of narcotics had increased dramatically while the act had been in affect. Instead of improving the act, they only stiffened penalties. In 1918, the Volstead Act was passed, even over President Wilson’s veto. It provid ed legislation for the enforcement of prohibition. Headed by Levi Nutt, a pharmacist, a special Narcotics Division was formed within the Prohibition Bureau, due to the problems with the Harrison Act. The narcotic officers within this division were hired by strict guidelines according to the Civil Service (1). Through the 1920’s, various studies and investigations were conducted to see if drugs were addicting and crime causing. Dr. Lawerence Kolb’s research supposedly proved that addicts and normal people will have different effects to the same drug. He believed that excessive amounts of opium would not induce criminal tendencies, but inhibit it, which would show no connection between drugs and crime. By now, the Harrison Act was back on line, closing maintenance clinics, which shut down 44 of them by the end of 1921. Addicts could no longer obtain drugs legally and addicts were denied ambulatory treatment. Addiction was not categorized as a crime, so it was not constit utional to arrest every addict and imprison them. As it is now, prison space was limited and prisons already housed double their capacity. In 1922, supporters of the Harrison act were relieved when Congress passed the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act (1). This act gave the Surgeon General power to regulate the importation of crude opium and coca leaves, which were restricted to medicinal and scientific use. The Federal Bureau Board was created to enforce sentencing and fines for unlawful importation. This new act was accused of doing nothing to stop illegal import, but was associated with the increase in prices on the illicit drug market. In 1929, the Porter bill was passed, which was for the construction of two prison hospitals. These hospitals were for treatment of addicts, who were either assigned by court or by voluntary participation. These facilities were capable of treating one thousand addicts. Child Development EssayLegal Issues

American History since 1865

What was the Free Silver issue? In the aftermath of 2008 financial crisis, it becomes increasingly clear to more and more Americans that it is specifically the proper functioning of America’s financial system, which should be considered the foremost key to ensuring this country’s economic well-being.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on American History since 1865 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, making inquiries into the history of this system’s functioning appears especially important – by learning about the past, we will be in a position to have a better understanding of what may account for the financial challenges of the future. In my essay, I will aim to substantiate the validity of this suggestion at length in regards to the so-called Free Silver issue, which used to define the essence of American socio-economic discourse during the course of late 19th and early 20th centu ries. The Free Silver issue is best defined in terms of the debate, which taken place between the supporters of maintaining a single Gold standard, as the mean of ensuring the buying power of U.S. Dollar, on the one hand, and the advocates of monetary bimetallism, which promoted the institutionalization of an additional Silver standard, on the other. The reason why bimetallists pursued with promoting their monetary agenda is that they believed that without being provided with the sufficient ‘monetary mass’, the American economy will not be able to maintain its functional vitality.1 Given the fact that at the end of 19th century America’s gold reserves were severely limited and the fact that at that time, U.S. Dollar enjoyed the status of a freely converted currency (in a sense that it could be converted into gold upon demand), the only way to increase the amount of U.S. Dollars in circulation, which in turn would stimulate the American economy, was adopting silve r as yet another precious metal, which could be exchanged for paper money in banks.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The monetary initiatives, on the part of advocates of Free Silver (associated with Democratic Party) were particularly supported by American farmers in the Midwest and the South, as the adoption of a Silver monetary standard would naturally result in increasing the prices for their agricultural products. These initiatives, however, used to be strongly opposed by the Republican Party, affiliated with the majority of American bankers. By 1913, the Free Silver debate effectively ended due to the passing of Federal Reserve Act, which introduced an entirely new principle for the functioning of the country’s financial system. From today’s perspective, it appears that the adoption of Silver standard would indeed prove rather beneficial to the American economy at the time, as it would result in increasing the commercial effectiveness of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises, which in turn would lead to the creation of many new jobs. It is understood, of course, that one of the consequences of adopting such a standard would be the significant increase of the inflation rate. Nevertheless, the earlier mentioned positive aspects of allowing Silver coinage would overweigh this negative consequence.2 At the same time, however, the very principle of increasing the sheer amount of money in circulation, as the only mean of revitalizing the economy’s functioning, has been proven conceptually deficient during the course of Great Depression and during the course of 2008 financial crisis. This is because this practice necessarily results in making the specifically speculative sectors of national economy particularly profitable (banking), which in turn creates objective preconditions for triggering the outbreaks of financial crises.Adver tising We will write a custom essay sample on American History since 1865 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, just as it was implied initially – the studying of Free Silver issue should not only be referred to in terms of a historical inquiry, but also in terms of a contemporarily relevant discursive inquiry. Why was the Versailles Treaty ultimately a failure? After the outbreak of WW1, this war used to be commonly referred to by Allies as the ‘war to end all wars’. Yet, as we are being well aware of, WW1 did not only fail to result in ‘ending all wars’, but this war’s actual consequence (the signing of Versailles Treaty) established objective preconditions for the outbreak of WW2 twenty one years later. The reason for this is quite apparent – The Treaty of Versailles had nothing do to with the notion of justice. The foremost provision of the Versailles Treaty was the recogni tion of Germany as the only guilty party for the outbreak of WW1.3 Yet, it were France, Britain and Russia that declared war on Germany initially. As of today, there is a plenty of historical evidence as to the fact that ever since the beginning of 20th century, Britain and France were looking for an excuse to declare war on Germany, because these countries felt threatened by the process of Germany growing ever more economically powerful. Instead of competing with Germany fairly, these countries decided to simply destroy Germany militarily. However, the Allies failed even at that – right until the signing of the Versailles Treaty in 1919, no enemy soldier had ever set its foot onto German territory.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By 1918, German Army had defeated Russia (the whole territory of Ukraine was occupied by Germany) and was about to defeat France (German troops were only 100 km away from Paris). In other words, there were no objective reasons for Germany to consider signing the Versailles Treaty, in the first place. The worst thing about the Versailles Treaty, however, was the fact that due to its harsh terms, German people rightly perceived it as nothing less of the mechanism of depriving Germany of a chance of normal development.4 For example, according to the Treaty, Germany was forced to pay $442 billion in reparations (the equivalent of U.S. Dollar 2011 monetary value) – the sum that could not be repaid until 1988. The German territories of Alsace-Lorraine, Northern Schleswig, East Upper Silesia, Upper Silesia, Saar, Rhineland and the city of Danzig were separated from Germany, with many of them becoming the part of the countries that prior to the outbreak of WW1 did not even exist (Pol and, Czechoslovakia and Lithuania). German colonies in Africa were divided between Britain and France. German army was reduced to the size of 100.000 strong and was forbidden to have tanks, artillery and aviation. German people were declared ‘innately wicked’ and had to be continuously instilled with the complex of historical guilt. The financial assets of German companies abroad were seized. Therefore, it does not come as a particular surprise why during the course of thirties, the overwhelming majority of German voters used to support Hitler’s National-Socialist Party, which proclaimed its foremost political agenda to be concerned with ending to the legacy of the Versailles Treaty’s injustices. Apparently, they considered Hitler a right person to effectively address the shame of Versailles. In other words, had the Treaty of Versailles been perceived by Germans as being even moderately fair, the phenomenon of Hitler rising to power in the post-WW1 Germany would never take place. Therefore, just as it is was stated earlier, the failure of the Versailles Treaty came as result of the Allied signatories having been endowed with the hypertrophied sense of greed and irrational vindictiveness, which in turn prevented them from adjusting this Treaty to correspond to the notion of sanity. What was the ‘Germany first’ strategy? In the light of what now became known to the general public in America about the circumstances that surrounded the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, there can be very few doubts as to the fact that it is not only that, contrary to his promises to the voters, Franklin Roosevelt did actively strive to get America involved into the WW2, but he also never hesitated lying to Americans as to what were his real intentions, in this respect. The so-called ‘Germany first’ strategy, adopted by the Roosevelt’s administration through 1940-1942, illustrates the validity of this statement. The ‘Germany first’ was the 1940 secret agreement between Roosevelt and Churchill to have the American army primarily committed towards supporting the British military cause against Germany at the expense of adopting a defensive stance towards Japan in the Pacific, extrapolated by Roosevelt’s willingness to simply abandon American troops to the west of Hawaiian islands, in case of war with Japan. The agreement partially explains why throughout the course of 1940, the American Navy has been participating in a full-scale war against German submarines, without having the American government declared the state of hostilities with Germany, and also why Hitler did end up declaring war on U.S. in 1941 – de facto speaking, America has been fighting Germans ever since 1940, when the ‘Germany first’ strategy was adopted by Roosevelt.5 One of the foremost aspects of this strategy was Roosevelt’s insistence on keeping it in secret from the American ord inary citizens, whom he promised to work hard on keeping America non-involved into another European war, â€Å"The American people were unaware that their President and his military chiefs had secretly committed the United States to defeating Germany as its top priority†.6 Roosevelt desperately sought a legitimate excuse to became a ‘war-time President’, which is why despite having been fully aware of the Japanese impending attack on Pearl Harbor (British intelligence had cracked the Japanese JN-25 naval code as early as in 1939), he nevertheless did not even move a finger to have the American troops in Hawaii prepared for this attack, which in turn would have resulted in admiral Yamamoto returning his carriers back to Japan, without having attacked Pearl Harbor. After all, he was only allowed to proceed with the attack if his attack-preparations were kept in a complete secrecy from Americans.7 Therefore, the â€Å"Germany first’ strategy can be well disc ussed as yet another example of Britain’s ability to fight its own wars with foreign-born men. Just as it used to be the case with Indians, Malayans, Canadians, Australians, South-Africans, etc., in the eyes of Churchill, Americans were nothing but expendable ‘cannon meat’. In this respect, Roosevelt proved himself being nothing less of the Churchill’s puppet. Contrary to his obligation to act on behalf of American people, Roosevelt did not only forsake such his obligation, but he intentionally allowed the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor to proceeded unopposed, so that his good ‘buddy’ Churchill would be appeased. Thus, just as it was implied out earlier, the ‘Germany first’ strategy may be well considered as yet an additional proof to the validity of a suggestion that, contrary to what they would like for the ordinary citizens to think of themselves, American high-ranking politicians do not always prove themselves ‘peopleâ €™s servants’. On the contrary – as the secret and utterly unconstitutional adoption of ‘Germany first’ policy indicates, these politicians are being quite capable of assuming the role of ‘people’s enemies’. What was the Space Race? Nowadays, it became a commonplace practice among many people to discuss the Space Race, which took place between U.S. and USSR during the course of the Cold War, as the proof that it is the matter of time, before humanity will begin sending spaceships to the distant stars, as seen in Star Trek films. Yet, it has been a while now, since humanity accomplished any significant breakthroughs, while exploring cosmos. The reason for is quite apparent – as of today, there are no ideologically opposite and technologically competing superpowers in the world, which would consider making investments into space exploration as the foremost mean of maintaining their geopolitical prestige. The term Space Race is being concerned with what used to account for the ongoing competition between U.S. and Soviet Union on the way of exploring space. In the aftermath of WW2, both: U.S. and USSR had captured German V-2 rockets and German rocket scientists, who designed them. In its turn, this eventually allowed both countries to develop a qualitatively new weapon – Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM).8 Given the fact that Soviets never ceased being concerned with trying to expose the advantages of Socialism over Capitalism, they were the first upon which it had dawned to use ICBMs as not the actual weapon but rather as the propaganda weapon, by the mean of launching Sputnik (1957) and the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin (1961) into space.9 This alarmed Americans rather substantially, as the Soviet presumed superiority in space exploration negatively affected the America’s prestige in the world. In 1969, Americans succeeded in landing two astronauts on the Moon and bringing them safel y back to the Earth. As a result, USSR sustained a huge blow to its reputation the as leading space-exploring state. Soviet space-prestige sustained even more damage in 1981, when Americans had launched their first space-shuttle Columbia. There can be few doubts as to the fact that these both blows to the Soviet space-reputation did contribute rather significantly to the country’s eventual collapse in 1991. The accomplishments of Space Race are too numerous to be mentioned in this essay in their entirety. Nevertheless, it is quite possible to define the most important of them: people had physically reached the Moon; a number of telecommunication technologies were developed and perfected; humanity has gained a qualitatively new insight into the very essence of celestial laws. The reason why the process of space exploration appears to have stalled (the cancelation of space-shuttle mission may alone cause one to come to such a conclusion) is that, in order for people to be capab le of exploring space, they must be capable of deriving pleasure out of overcoming different obstacles and out of sacrificing their personal well-being for the sake of some higher cause. It is turn; this would require them to profess essentially masculine existential virtues.10 Yet, in the today’s feminized Western countries, affected by the ideological plague of political correctness, citizens are not being encouraged profess these virtues, as it would make them less enthusiastic about ‘celebrating diversity’. Just as it was the case with degenerate Romans in the 5th century, a growing number of contemporary Americans become increasingly preoccupied with experiencing sensual pleasures, while ceasing to care about such rather abstract categories as space-exploration altogether. What adds even more to the problem is the fact that, as of today, the only superpower in the world (U.S.) is simply being in no position to continue investing heavily into space exploratio n, because its geopolitical dominance in the world remains undisputed. I believe that this conclusion fully correlates with the initially articulated thesis. Bibliography Bowen, James. â€Å"Despite Pearl Harbor, America Adopts a ‘Germany first’ Strategy.† http://www.pacificwar.org.au/GermanyFirst/GermanyFirst.html Brzezinski, Matthew. Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries that  Ignited the Space Race. New York: Times Books – Henry Holt and Co., 2007. Crouch, Tom. Aiming for the Stars: The Dreamers and Doers of the Space Age. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. DeCanio, Samuel. â€Å"Populism, Paranoia, and the Politics of Free Silver.† Studies  in American Political Development 25, no. 1 (2011): 1-26. Gramm, Marshall Gramm, Phil. â€Å"The Free Silver Movement in America: A Reinterpretation.† The Journal of Economic History 64, no. 4 (2004): 1108-1129. Nelson, Graig. Rocket Men: The Epic Story of the First Men o n the Moon. New York: Viking, 2009. Rasmussen, Mikkel. â€Å"The History of a Lesson: Versailles, Munich and the Social Construction of the Past.†Review of International Studies 29, no.5 (2003): 499–519. Rusbridger, James Nave, Eric. Betrayal at Pearl Harbor: How Churchill Lured  Roosevelt into War. London: Michael O’Mara, 1991. Toland, John. Infamy: Pearl Harbor und It’s Aftermath. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1982. Trachtenberg, Marc. â€Å"Versailles after Sixty Years.† Journal of Contemporary  History 17, no. 3 (1982): 487-506. Footnotes 1 Samuel DeCanio, â€Å"Populism, Paranoia, and the Politics of Free Silver.† Studies in American Political Development 25, no. 1 (2011): 3. 2 Marshall Gramm Phil.Gramm, â€Å"The Free Silver Movement in America: A Reinterpretation.† The Journal of Economic History 64, no. 4 (2004): 1127. 3 Marc Trachtenberg, â€Å"Versailles after Sixty Years.†Journal of Contemporary History 17, no. 3 (1982): 493. 4 Mikkel Rasmussen, â€Å"The History of a Lesson: Versailles, Munich and the Social Construction of the Past.† Review of International Studies 29, no.5 (2003): 508. 5 John Toland, Infamy: Pearl Harbor and it’s Aftermath (Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1982), 32. 6 James Bowen, Despite Pearl Harbor, America Adopts a ‘Germany first’ Strategy. 7 James Rusbridger Eric Nave, Betrayal at Pearl Harbor: How Churchill Lured Roosvelt into War (London: Michael O’Mara, 1991), 45. 8 Graig Nelson, Rocket Men: The Epic Story of the First Men on the Moon (New York: Viking, 2009), 13. 9 Matthew, Brzezinski, Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries that Ignited the Space Race (New York: Times Books – Henry Holt and Co., 2007), 92. 10 Tom Crouch. Aiming for the Stars: The Dreamers and Doers of the Space Age (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999), 310. This essay on American History since 1865 was written and submitted by user Rodolfo O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

WTO Trade Agreements

WTO Trade Agreements Are WTO trade agreements unjust? With its membership of 163 states and with its ability to affect the process of policy-making in these countries, the World Trade Organisation (WTO) is considered one of the most influential international organisations. The main conceptual premise, which justifies this Organisation’s continual existence, is that the removal of trade barriers on the way of a free flow of goods and services throughout the world does contribute to the facilitation of global prosperity (Walton 2013; Stiglitz Charlton 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on WTO Trade Agreements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In its turn, the mentioned assumption helps to establish the Organization’s legitimacy, as such that has the principle of bilateral beneficence embedded into the very philosophy of its functioning, and to promote the idea that by applying for the membership in the WTO, the developing co untries will be able to revitalize their economies. As Sutherland (2008) noted, â€Å"In an era of broadening and deepening globalization, small or struggling economies thrive only in an environment that generates opportunity and supports entrepreneurship. Much of what the WTO does is, in fact, about helping achieve good or better governance† (p. 19). It is understood, of course, that such an idea is hardly consistent with the suggestion what the Organization’s trade-agreements can be unjust, by definition. Nevertheless, once subjected to an analytical inquiry, these agreements will be indeed exposed utterly inequitable, in the sense that they make it impossible for the developing country-members to become fully developed. In my paper, I will explore the validity of this statement at length while explaining what accounts for the Organization’s true (and rather unsightly) agenda. Even though the WTO top-officials never cease stressing out the Organisation’ s apolitical and ideologically neutral nature, this is far from being the actual case. The reason for this is apparent the manner, in which the WTO settles trade-disputes between country-members and provides the sets of recommendations, with respect to what should be the essence of economic reforms in these countries, is reflective of the foremost provisions of the ideology of Neoliberalism. They are as follows, â€Å"The state needs to reduce its interventionism in economic and social activities†¦ labour and financial markets should be deregulated†¦ Commerce and investments should be stimulated by eliminating borders and barriers† (Navarro 2006, p. 18). The actual logic behind these discursive assumptions that it is namely the ‘invisible hand of the market’, which should be made solely responsible for defining the socio-economic dynamics in just about every country on this planet – the main key to prosperity. The WTO is there to merely provide an additional momentum to this process (Walton 2010). However, the Organisation’s continual functioning implies that the mentioned ‘invisible market-hand’ is not quite as unseen and impartial as the advocates of free-trade would like us to believe, because it does not represent much of a challenge defining the place from where this ‘hand’ actually extends – the West.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, there is nothing too surprising about the fact that if anything, the WTO was able to succeed only in one thing – enforcing the so-called ‘Matthew effect’ (the rich get richer and the poor get poorer) on a global scale. This simply could not be otherwise – since the time of its founding in 1994, the WTO was conceptualised to serve the purpose of allowing the West to pursue with the policy of neo-colonialism in the Third and Second world countries, without having to invade them militarily. In this respect, Irogbe (2013) came up with the insightful observation, â€Å"The developed, former imperial powers have simply converted themselves into power brokers within the WTO. Mostly they do not have to send troops in to open up a countrys economy for foreign investment and privatization Today, they can simply threaten the country with economic collapse† (p. 190). The fact that the Organisation’s spokesmen often do express their concern with such issues as ‘global poverty’ or ‘global hunger’ is nothing but a publicity stunt, on these people’s part the WTO’s very existence contributes to the sheer acuteness of the mentioned issues more than anything else does. This simply could not be otherwise. The concerned Organisation functions as a huge vacuum machine – ensuring the steady flow of valuable natural and human reso urces out of the Second and Third world countries to the West, which in turn makes it quite impossible for these nations to be able to get out of poverty. The fact that this is indeed the case can be illustrated, in regard to the following The WTO prescribes its newly joined members (consisting of the underdeveloped countries) to refrain from enacting the policies of economic protectionism. The Organisation’s official explanation for this is that the concerned practice â€Å"ultimately leads to bloated, inefficient producers supplying consumers with outdated, unattractive products† (The case for open trade 2016, para. 7). However, the actual rationale behind such an anti-protectionist policy, on the part of the WTO, is much more unsightly – the Organisation’s stance, in this respect, is meant to eliminate any chances for the countries ‘underdogs’ to be able to ensure the proper functioning of the industrial sector of their economies. After al l, it has been well proven throughout the history that no country is able to develop an industrial/manufacturing capacity, unless having enacted the policy of economic protectionism throughout the process’s initial phase. The example of the so-called ‘Asian tigers’ (Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan) proves the validity of this suggestion perfectly well.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on WTO Trade Agreements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Once stripped of the politically-correct rhetoric, the Organisation’s anti-protectionist policy becomes fully explainable – while acting on behalf of the ‘collective West’, the WTO strives to suppress even a hypothetical possibility for the Western-based industries to end up facing too much competition from abroad. As Hart-Landsberg (2006) aptly pointed out, â€Å"The WTO is the vehicle used by the imperial powers to crush the infant industries in the underdeveloped countries in the interests of their MNCs† (p. 8). To illustrate the full soundness of this idea even further, one can refer to what accounted for the actual consequences of joining the WTO, on the part of such Baltic countries as Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Prior to the development in question, there were many properly functioning industries in these countries, concerned with the production of cars, electronics, and heavy industrial equipment. Moreover, these countries used to be considered the major producers of electrical power in Europe. However, once members of the EU (and consequently WTO), Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia have been effectively stripped of their industrial capacities, which in turn resulted in the dramatic rise of the unemployment-rate and consequently in bringing about the situation that, as of 2013, 60% of these countries’ citizens ended up having no choice but to seek seasonal (and often illegal) employment i n Europe (Hansson Randveer 2013). While settling trade-disputes between country-members, the WTO usually takes the side of the most economically developed ones – even at the expense of violating the very principle of ‘free trade’. To exemplify the legitimacy of this suggestion, we can refer to the Organisation’s 1999 decision to order some countries of the EU to stop purchasing bananas from the Caribbean region – all because the concerned practice was inconsistent with the interests of the U.S.-based Chiquita Corporation. The way in which the WTO handled the matter shows once again that, contrary to what its representatives proclaim, the Organisation never ceases to be driven by the essentially political considerations while trying to ensure ‘economic fairness’ across the world – something that implies the actual absence of the latter, in the first place. There are a number of indications that this is indeed the case. For exampl e, the WTO refused to take any action against the U.S., on the account of this country’s continual attempts to apply much political pressure on European nations to persist with imposing economic sanctions against Russia (another WTO-member). After all, the mentioned activity, on the part of the U.S., stands in striking contradiction to the most basic provisions of the WTO statute – yet, the Organisation’s top-officials prefer to turn a blind eye on it. This simply could not be otherwise – in order for the WTO bureaucrats to retain their chairs within the Organisation, they must make ‘proper’ (that is, Western-friendly) decisions.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Irogbe (2013), â€Å"The unelected three-panel of bureaucrats as dispute judges (in the WTO), are appointed by the director-general†¦ who must have the blessings of the Quads (US, EU, Japan, and Canada)† (p. 177). It is understood, of course, that this undermines the prospect for WTO trade-agreements to be just, by definition. The WTO erects obstacles on the way of the free circulation of scientific knowledge throughout the world by the mean of coercing every country-member to sign the so-called Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIP) agreement. This is being done to enable the overwhelmingly Western patent-holders to charge high royalties for just about every line of the internationally manufactured hi-tech products (Correa 2000). The mentioned Agreement, however, does not take into account the fact that throughout the course of the last few decades, the seemingly fast pace of scientific progress in the West has been achieved by the mean of ensuri ng the drainage of ‘brain power’ out of the developing countries in the Westward direction. Moreover, the Agreement’s advocates prefer to remain arrogant as to the fact that just about any type of scientific knowledge cannot be discussed in terms of a ‘thing in itself’ – the new scientific discoveries take place because of the earlier achievements in the various fields of science. What it means is that scientific knowledge belongs to the public and not corporate domain – something the WTO simply refuses to acknowledge. One of the negative consequences of this is that many people in the Second and Third world are denied the chance to receive a life-saving medical treatment. After all, it is namely due to South Africa’s membership in the WTO that this country is forbidden to produce drugs for alleviating the symptoms of AIDS in patients – despite the fact that this country is affected by the concerned disease more than any o ther, and the fact South Africa has a developed pharmaceutical industry. As noted by Curti (2001), â€Å"The WTO unreasonably restricts the trade of pharmaceuticals in order to protect the profit margin of Western drug producers at the expense of infected populations in developing countries† (p. 369). This alone raises a certain doubt as to the Organisation’s ability to serve the cause of progress and development. The WTO encourages country-members to eliminate the economically ‘unfeasible’ social programs/services, meant to facilitate the fair distribution of national wealth and to ensure the uninterrupted pace of social progress in these countries. According to Esty (2002), â€Å"The WTO seeks to privatize education, healthcare, energy, and water. Privatization means the selling off public assets†¦ to private, often foreign, corporations, to be run for profit instead of the public good† (p. 15). Therefore, there is nothing too surprising abou t the fact that the drastic lowering of living standards usually follows the implementation of the ‘free-market’ reforms, recommended by the WTO. One does not have to go far to prove the validity of this idea, because the illustrating examples are all around us. Probably the most convincing of them has to do with the ‘progress’ made by Ukraine, in the aftermath of having joined the WTO. It is not only that Ukraine’s ‘smart move’, in this respect, resulted in the country’s complete deindustrialisation, but also in the fact that, as of today, Ukraine’s systems of healthcare and education have de facto ceased to exist (Yurchenko 2012). According to the WTO, such a situation makes perfectly good sense. Why should the Ukrainian government invest in healthcare and education, if no short-term profit can be gained from it? As seen by the WTO bureaucrats, the country’s population is too large and ‘useless’, as it is. Therefore, it will only be logical to expect that, for as long as the Ukrainian government continues to cooperate with the WTO, the likelihood for this country to disappear from the world map in the near future (due to depopulation) will remain thoroughly realistic. After all, such a development would be thoroughly consistent with yet another officially proclaimed goal of the WTO – to enable the unrestricted repositioning of ‘workforce’ throughout the world (Armstrong 2012). In light of what has been mentioned earlier, WTO trade-agreements do seem utterly unjust – at least when assessed from the point of view of the developing (or underdeveloped) countries. The reason for this is quite apparent – the Organisation’s approach to facilitating free trade exposes the agenda of Western countries to conserve the current situation with the ‘division of labour’ on this planet. On one hand, there are the ‘privileged’ WTO members (Western countries), allowed enact a number of the clearly protectionist policies (such as providing farmers with heavy subsidies). On the other, however, there are the Organisation’s ‘underdogs’ (such as the earlier mentioned Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Ukraine), which are forbidden to even think of doing the same – all because their membership in the WTO assigns them with the informal status of Western colonies, at least in the economic sense of this word. It is true, of course, that due to being concerned with the removal of trade barriers across the world, the Organisation allows the most expedient accumulation of wealth on a global scale. This, however, does not necessarily mean that all the affiliated contributors are entitled to a fair share of it. Quite to the contrary – the WTO is there to help the West to maintain its neo-colonial grip on the developing countries, which is detrimental to the interests of the latter. It is under stood, of course, that this hardly contributes towards helping the Organisation’s policies to be perceived thoroughly fair by the underprivileged majority of its members. As Kapstein (1999) noted, â€Å"(Economic) institutions that discriminate against some players or fail to provide equal opportunity to the least advantaged cannot be considered just, though of course they might be efficient† (p. 533). However, there is even more to the issue – the fact that most of WTO trade-agreements are blatantly unjust, does not merely indicate the Organisation’s commitment to strengthening the Western economic dominance on this planet. Apparently, it is also something that exposes the conceptual erroneousness of the Neoliberal assumption that free (unregulated) trade is the key to richness. Yet, this specific idea defines the essence of the Organisation’s operant principles. After all, before they are made available in their segment of the market, the commerc ial goods and services must come into existence first, which in turn presupposes the (planned) creation of the objective preconditions such an eventual development to take place. And, it is specifically the enactment of the interventionist/protectionist economic policies by the government that has proven the only effective contributing factor, in this respect – especially in the case of those countries that have only recently been put on the path of industrialisation. Moreover, the WTO’s implicit insistence that people’s consumerist instincts alone define the quality of social dynamics in just about any country simply does not stand any ground, especially if assessed systemically. Even many supporters of Neoliberalism, such as James (2005), do recognise this fact, â€Å"Markets generally have large-scale effects that cannot be brought about by particular acts of buying or selling, or by the sole efforts of any particular economic agent† (p. 539). The reas on for this is that the mentioned dynamics never cease to remain highly societal (systemically complex) – even if appear to be solely affected by the supposedly unregulated fluctuations of supply and demand in the ‘free’ market. What this means is that, even if the WTO’s actual agenda was indeed concerned with helping the underdeveloped countries to become economically competitive, the Organisation would still not be able to progress far pursuing it. The reason for this is that, due to being ideologically driven (Neoliberlaism is as much of an oppressive ideology as Communism); the WTO is very reluctant to allow impartial scientific knowledge to have any effect on the quintessence of its currently deployed approaches for eliminating trade-barriers/settling trade-disputes between nations. This, in turn, removes even a hypothetical possibility for WTO trade-agreements to be just – even if it does appear to be the case on the outside. I believe that th e used line of argumentation, in defence of the idea that WTO trade-agreements are unfair, is consistent with the initially provided thesis. Therefore, it will only be logical to conclude this paper by suggesting that the very existence of the WTO confirms that the workings of the world economy are politically/ideologically charged and that the West continues to benefit from being able to exploit the ‘global periphery’, under the disguise of helping the associated countries to attain ‘economic efficiency’. References Armstrong, C 2012, Global distributive justice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Correa, C 2000, Intellectual property rights, the WTO and developing countries: the TRIPS agreement and policy options, Zed Books, London and New York. Curti, A 2001, ‘The WTO dispute settlement understanding: an unlikely weapon in the fight against AIDS’, American Journal of Law and Medicine, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 469-485. Esty, D 2002, ‘The World Trade Organizations legitimacy crisis’, World Trade Review, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7-22. Hansson, A Randveer, M 2013, Economic adjustment in the Baltic countries, Working Papers of Eesti Pank, vol. 1, pp. 3-21. Hart-Landsberg, M 2006, ‘Neoliberalism: myths and reality’, Monthly Review, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 1-17. Irogbe, K 2013, ‘Globalization and the World Trade Organization from the perspective of the underdeveloped world, The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 174-202. James, A 2005, ‘Distributive justice without sovereign rule: the case of trade’, Social Theory and Practice, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 533-559. Kapstein, E 1999, ‘Distributing the gains: justice and international trade’, Journal of International Affairs, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 533-555. Navarro, V 2006, ‘The worldwide class struggle’, Monthly Review, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 18-33. Stiglitz, J Charlton, A 2005, Fair trade for all: how trade can promote development, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Sutherland, P 2008, Transforming nations, Foreign Affairs, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 125-136. The case for open trade 2016, https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact3_e.htm. Walton, A 2010, ‘What is fair trade?’, Third World Quarterly, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 431-447. Walton, A 2013, The common arguments for fair trade, Political Studies, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 691-706. Yurchenko, Y 2012, ‘†Black holes† in the political economy of Ukraine: the neoliberalization of Europe’s â€Å"wild east†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, Debatte: Review of Contemporary German Affairs, vol. 20, no. 2/3, pp. 125-149.

Critical incident management operations based on an actual disaster Research Paper

Critical incident management operations based on an actual disaster event - Research Paper Example A disaster is an accidental and devastating event that occurs suddenly, causing adverse social and economic impacts in the population or environment it occurs. The effects may include physical injury, deaths, loss and damage on property, emotional and physical hardship, and obliteration of physical infrastructure as well as failure of operational and administrative systems. Before and during a disaster, emergency responders have to intervene to save lives, property and minimize the adverse effects caused by the disaster. However, the uncertainty or infrequency of disasters poses very great challenge for these responders to ascertain the effectiveness of their response strategies (Donahue & o’Keefe, 2007). Consequently, responders usually use various methods and experiences to enhance the manner they respond to similar disasters in the future. This paper will examine aspects of planning, response, recovery as well as mitigation during disasters and the manner the country can improve its response capabilities. The Three Mile high nuclear accident and Hurricane Agnes in the 1979 prompted President Carter and the Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) as well as the Emergency Management Council (EMC). This aimed at consolidating the responsibilities for disaster preparedness performed by the different federal agencies to one single agency (Mener, 2007). This came out of the belief that it was going to eliminate the communication and the fragmentation difficulties seen during the earlier disasters. With this order from the executive, all federal agencies that had responsibilities and capabilities of providing response during disasters to co-operate with FEMA. It also provided FEMA with the task of ensuring co-ordination in disaster preparedness and aid operations. Nevertheless, the

Inroduction-Conclusion-Abstract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Inroduction-Conclusion-Abstract - Essay Example This had detrimental effects on learners’ ability to develop critical thinking skills that were beyond their level of knowledge and comprehension. Moreover, Magolda (2000) stated that previously the teaching strategy seemingly favored learners who had high level of intelligence, as compared to those who required their intelligence level to be sharpened through the educational approach (learning). This is mainly because the previous education system did not focus on enabling learners to construct their own knowledge but rather it focused on constructing learners’ knowledge on their behalf (Bain, 2004). However, there has been increased advocacy for empowering learners with the skills to manage their own learning process, which sufficiently prepares them to tackle real-life case problems. In this regard, Moskal and Keneman (2011) stated that it was indeed necessary to develop learning and teaching strategies that give learners an active role in the learning process thereb y enabling learners to construct their own knowledge and make the learning process more exciting. In the application of these strategies, it will be necessary for the teachers to realign the strategies with the intelligence level of each student in order to ensure that learning is effective. This present dissertation focuses on a particular teaching strategy/ tool that has being introduced in schools in order to make the learning process enjoyable, and engage the learners whilst enabling them to construct their own knowledge. Therefore, the teaching strategy/ tool that will be discussed in the paper offers a remedy to the flaws that had been noted about the traditional teaching strategy/ tool. The teaching strategy/ tool that will be the focal point of this study is the interactive whiteboard technology (IWB), which has been described by Cuthell (2006), as a tool that enable computer images to a appear on a board. The interactive whiteboard contains a digital projector and touch-scr een technology that has been incorporated onto the board, which enable teachers to manipulate the figures and/ or words that are appearing on the board by either using a mouse or their fingers. This is to say that a teacher is able to click, copy, and drag the figures, words, and numbers that appear on the board whilst he or she is teaching. Because of the fact that the interactive whiteboard has an internal memory, it means that teachers are able to save the notes or instructions they have written on the board. Then using the network connections that are available on the board the teacher can transfer these notes to the students’ personal computers, so that they can use it for further reading and revisions (Gage, 2006). According to Marzano and Haystead (2010), the ability of the board to display pictures and even stream live videos from a site such as YouTube, enables the teacher to improve the learning experience for learners and ensure they remain active in the learning p rocess as well as fully engaged. 1.2 Research questions Based on the interactive whiteboard technology, this research study intends to investigate teachers’ use and their own evaluation of the interactive whiteboard in second language classroom. This infers that the research study will focus on investigating how teachers at the research center are using the interactive whiteboard to teach English as a second language. Secondly, the research study will aim at discovering what teachers who are using the board

Gift of Fear, Just 2 Seconds, and On Combat Essay

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Motivation Of Employees In The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay

Motivation Of Employees In The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay The last few decades have been characterised by a radical change in management perceptions about the importance of the work force in achievement of strategic objectives of business organisations. Management experts agree that in situations where competitors have similar financial resources and organisational infrastructures, competitive edge can be achieved only through well trained and intensely motivated employee forces. The hotel industry has grown remarkably in the last two decades. With the industry expanding exponentially, capacity builds ups in business and tourism centres have created enormous competition in all its segments. Whilst hotel managers strive to provide good physical facilities to their clients, it is widely accepted that excellence in service quality is best achieved through the efforts of employees to meet customer needs. Motivating employees is thus seen to be a critical task of hotel managers. The dissertation project aims to examine the importance of motivating employees in the hotel industry for the achievement of competitive advantage and the best possible ways and means of doing so. The last few decades, especially the period that commenced from the 1970s, have been characterised by radical changes in management perceptions about the importance of the work force in achieving the strategic objectives of business organisations.  [1]   Whilst traditional management theory treated workers, along with capital, land and machinery, as just one of the four important inputs of business enterprises, current management thought and practice, influenced on one hand by the opinions of experts like Drucker, Porter, Maslow and McGregor, and on the other by dramatically altered business conditions, perceive employees to be critical to organisational success and growth.  [2]   Contemporary developments like globalisation, economic liberalisation, the deconstruction of trade and physical barriers, technological advances, the spread of the internet, instantaneous communication technology, cheaper travel costs and the emergence of China and India as economic power houses have made the world intensely competitive and diminished the superiority of Western business organisations.  [3]  Management experts agree that in economic scenarios where competitors have the same sort of financial resources and organisational infrastructures, competitive edge is mainly achieved through well trained and intensely motivated employee forces.  [4]   The hotel industry has grown remarkably in the last two decades. Globalisation along with greater discretionary incomes in the populations of advanced and developing countries, cheaper travel, open borders and the opening of numerous business and tourists destinations have led to substantial increases in business travel and domestic and international tourism and created enormous opportunities for hotels. Aims and Objectives With the hotel industry expanding exponentially, capacity builds ups in business and tourism centres have created enormous competition in all sectors of the hotel industry.  [5]  Being service oriented in nature, hotels work towards achievement of service quality and improvement of customer satisfaction for achievement of competitive advantage.  [6]   Whilst hotel ownerships strive to provide good physical facilities to their clients, it is widely accepted that excellence in service quality is best achieved through the efforts of employees to meet customer needs  [7]  Motivating employees is thus seen to be a critical task of hotel managements.  [8]   This proposal aims to investigate the contribution of employees in achievement of profitability and competitive advantage in the hotel industry, the importance of motivation in improving employee performance, and the role of managers in motivating employees to improve their performance and commitment. Its objectives are elaborated as follows: To examine the ways and means in which employees can add to the service quality, efficiency, profitability and competitive advantage of the hotel industry. To examine the impact of motivation on the performance of hotel employees. To examine and assess the various ways of motivating employees. To examine the roles of managers in motivating hotel employees. 2. Literature Review Human resource management theory has changed radically over the past few decades. Whilst traditional HR theory was influenced and shaped by scientific management principles embodied in the approaches of Henry Ford and Fredrick Taylor for improvement of worker productivity, the post Second World War period saw the emergence of behavioural experts and psychologists like Maslow, McGregor, Herzberg and Vroom, who discarded Fordist and Taylorist principles and emphasised that worker performance could be much better enhanced by meeting the various needs of workers, training and developing them and empowering them to do their work to the best of their ability.  [9]   Experts like Maslow and Herzberg stress that worker motivation is critical to worker performance and organisational managements need to motivate members of their work force in carefully thought out, well planned and deliberately implemented ways. Maslowà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s theory of needs, McGregorà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s exposition of theory X and theory Y, Herzbergà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s detailing of hygiene and motivating factors, and Vroomà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s work on motivating employees deal with the various needs of workers and how they can best be motivated by organisational managements.  [10]   Extant HR theory also places great stress on the need of managers to know methods of motivation and use them appropriately in the work place.  [11]  The evolution of human resources as a management discipline has been characterised by numerous academic and research work on the best possible methods of motivating employees.  [12]   Employees are seen as key inputs in the hotel industry and most well known hotel chains like The Marriot, The Mandarin Orient and The Ritz Carlton are known to have very carefully thought out and well implemented employee performance improvement programmes.  [13]  Motivation plays a key role in such programmes and is a key responsibility of hotel managers.  [14]   The Ritz Carlton, the only two time winner of the famous Malcolm Baldridge awards for quality, is known to have an excellent employee training, development and motivation programme.  [15]  Employees at the Ritz Carlton are motivated through a complex system of policies and procedures that deal with remuneration, training, involvement, responsibility allocation, employee respect and empowerment.  [16]   Employee motivation and the responsibilities of managers in motivating employees are key areas of focus in hotel management theory.  [17]   3. Research Methodology Research Hypotheses The aims and objectives of the project, along with the information obtained during the course of review of available literature, lead to the following research hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: Employees are critical for the achievement of service quality, profitability and competitive advantage in the hotel industry Hypothesis 2: Employee motivation leads to improvement in employee performance Hypothesis 3: Managers can motivate hotel employees in various ways. Research Methods The choice and adoption of appropriate research methods for projects are essentially decided by the nature of the project and the resources available with the researcher.  [18]  With there being two basic methods of social research, namely the quantitative and qualitative approaches, the choice of an appropriate method for this assignment will be shaped by the research hypotheses elaborated above.  [19]   The research hypotheses essentially deal with issues and questions that are how, why and what in nature, and are thus best tackled by use of interpretative qualitative methods, rather than through analysis of the results of number based quantitative surveys.  [20]   Information for the project will be obtained from primary and secondary sources.  [21]  Primary information sources are those that provide information directly from people and organisations who form the subject of research, whereas secondary information is obtained from sources created by people, (e.g. authors, researchers, or media publications), who are unconnected with the research subject.  [22]   It is proposed to use both primary and secondary sources for this research project.  [23]  Whilst substantial information from secondary sources on human resource management, motivational theory, service quality, managerial responsibility and the responsibilities and methods of managers for motivating employees is available in the public domain, primary information can be obtained through study of hotel websites and interviews of people associated with the research subject.  [24]  With the hospitality industry now a globally important industry, a number of academic publications and research studies are available on different aspects of hotel management.  [25]  The study of such sources will enable the researcher to obtain accurate and extensive information on the subject under study.  [26]   The methodology entails the collection of primary and secondary data from the sources elaborated earlier, the qualitative interpretation of obtained information, and its detailed analysis for the purpose of examining the validity of the hypothesis.  [27]   Ethics Care will be taken to ensure that all ethical requirements regarding the conduct of research projects are followed, especially with regard to protection of the rights and confidentiality of primary respondents. Adequate care will be taken to ensure that appropriate credit is given to all information sources.  [28]   Constraints and Limitations The study will be limited by the amount of primary and secondary information accessed by the researcher, as well as the amount of cooperation provided by the primary respondents from the hotel industry. It is envisaged that obtaining appointments with hotel managers may be a difficult task and could delay the gathering of information and data. The researcher plans to start taking appointments with managers in the hotel industry at the earliest in order to maintain the research schedule. 4. Timeline The research is expected to take six months to complete. The timeline of the project is provided below. Function Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Determining of Secondary Information Sources * Study of Secondary Information Sources * * * Determination of Primary Information Sources * * Study of Primary Information Sources * Fixing of Appointments with Primary Respondents * * Conducting of Interviews * Collation of Secondary Information * Compilation of Literature Review * * Compilation of Primary Information * Collation of Data * Data Analysis and Interpretation * Preparation of Rough Draft of Dissertation * Discussion with Tutor * Preparation of Final Dissertation * Word Count: 1610 without Tables